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<meta name="description" content="我叫Andrey Karpov，我研究过数百个因“拷贝-粘贴”导致的错误。可以肯定的是，程序员常常会在一大段代码的最后一段里犯错。好像还没有任何编程书讨论过这种现象，因此我决定自己写点什么。我称之为“末行效应”。  末行效应 编程的时候，程序员常常需要写一系列相似的结构。逐行敲键盘输入无聊且低效。这就是为什么他们会使用“拷贝-粘贴”大法：一段代码被拷贝粘贴几次，然后修改。谁都知道这样做的坏处：你很容易在粘贴后忘记修改某些内容最后滋生出问..">
		
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				<h2>编程中的“末行效应”</h2>				<h3><em>分类</em> <a href="../w3cnote_genre/code" title="编程技术" >编程技术</a> </h3>
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					<p>我叫Andrey Karpov，我研究过数百个因"拷贝-粘贴"导致的错误。可以肯定的是，程序员常常会在一大段代码的最后一段里犯错。好像还没有任何编程书讨论过这种现象，因此我决定自己写点什么。我称之为"末行效应"。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" src="//www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste.png" alt="copy-paste" width="350" height="222" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-10322" srcset="http://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste.png 350w, http://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste-300x190.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></p>
<h2>末行效应</h2>
<p>编程的时候，程序员常常需要写一系列相似的结构。逐行敲键盘输入无聊且低效。这就是为什么他们会使用"拷贝-粘贴"大法：一段代码被拷贝粘贴几次，然后修改。谁都知道这样做的坏处：你很容易在粘贴后忘记修改某些内容最后滋生出问题。不幸的是，常常找不到比这更好的方法。</p>
<p>那么我发现了什么规律呢？我发现错误常常发生在最后的一块粘贴代码里。</p>
<p>下面是一个简短的例子：</p>
<pre class="language-js">
inline Vector3int32&amp; operator+=(const Vector3int32&amp; other) {
  x += other.x;
  y += other.y;
  z += other.y;
  return *this;
}
</pre>
<p>注意这一行：&#8221;z += other.y;&#8221;。程序员忘记把'y'替换成'z'了。</p>
<p>也许你以为这是个假设的例子，然后它其实来自一个真实的应用程序。接下来，我会让你相信这是高频常见的一种错误。程序员们经常在一连串相似操作的结尾犯这种错误。</p>
<p>我听说攀岩者常常在最后的几十米中滑落下来。并不是因为他们累了，而正是由于他们对即将到达的终点过于兴奋，他们想象着成功后的喜悦，变得疏忽大意，最后失足。我猜想程序员们也是这样的。</p>
<p>接下来看一组数据。</p>
<p>研究了数据库后，我分离出了84个代码段由"拷贝-粘贴"大法生成。其中41段中错误发生在中间的某些粘贴块。比如：</p>
<pre class="language-js">
strncmp(argv[argidx], "CAT=", 4) &amp;&amp;
strncmp(argv[argidx], "DECOY=", 6) &amp;&amp;
strncmp(argv[argidx], "THREADS=", 6) &amp;&amp;
strncmp(argv[argidx], "MINPROB=", 8)) {
</pre>
<p>"THREADS="字符串的长度是8个字符，而非6。</p>
<p>另外的43段代码中，错误发生在最后的粘贴块。</p>
<p>当然，43比41大不了多少。但是请注意，一段程序中，可能有很多类似的代码块，因此错误可能发生在第一，第二，第五甚至第十块中。因此在其他代码块中我们有一个相对均匀的分布，而最后一块却存在一个峰值。</p>
<p>平均而言，相似代码块总数为5。</p>
<p>于是前面4个代码块中均匀分布了41处错误，平均每块代码有10个错误。</p>
<p>然而最后一块代码中有43个错误！</p>
<p>下面的分布概图凸显出这个现象：</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" src="//www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste-1.png" alt="copy-paste-1" width="395" height="204" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-10323" srcset="http://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste-1.png 395w, http://www.runoob.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/copy-paste-1-300x154.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px" /></p>
<p class="wp-caption-text">五块类似代码段中的错误分布概图</p>
<p>因此我们可以总结出一个规律：</p>
<p>在最末的粘贴代码块中出错的概率是其他代码块的4倍。</p>
<p>这个规律可能并没有普适性。它只是个有趣的发现，其实际效用在于：提醒在你写最后一块的时候保持警觉。</p>
<h2>实例：</h2>
<p>下面我要证明这并不是我的胡思乱想而是有真实的趋势的。请看下面的实例。</p>
<p>当然，我不会列出所有例子，仅列举简单而有代表性的。</p>
<h3>Source Engine SDK</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
inline void Init( float ix=0, float iy=0,
                  float iz=0, float iw = 0 ) 
{
  SetX( ix );
  SetY( iy );
  SetZ( iz );
  SetZ( iw );
}
</pre>
<p>最后一行应该是SetW()。</p>
<h3>Chromium</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (access &amp; FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES)
  output.append(ASCIIToUTF16("\tFILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES\n"));
if (access &amp; FILE_WRITE_DATA)
  output.append(ASCIIToUTF16("\tFILE_WRITE_DATA\n"));
if (access &amp; FILE_WRITE_EA)
  output.append(ASCIIToUTF16("\tFILE_WRITE_EA\n"));
if (access &amp; FILE_WRITE_EA)
  output.append(ASCIIToUTF16("\tFILE_WRITE_EA\n"));
break;
</pre>
<p>最后两行相同。</p>
<h3>ReactOS</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (*ScanString == L'\"' ||
    *ScanString == L'^' ||
    *ScanString == L'\"')
</pre>
<h3>Multi Theft Auto</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
class CWaterPolySAInterface
{
public:
    WORD m_wVertexIDs[3];
};
CWaterPoly* CWaterManagerSA::CreateQuad (....)
{
  ....
  pInterface-&gt;m_wVertexIDs [ 0 ] = pV1-&gt;GetID ();
  pInterface-&gt;m_wVertexIDs [ 1 ] = pV2-&gt;GetID ();
  pInterface-&gt;m_wVertexIDs [ 2 ] = pV3-&gt;GetID ();
  pInterface-&gt;m_wVertexIDs [ 3 ] = pV4-&gt;GetID ();
  ....
}
</pre>
<p>最后一行冗余代码来自于惯性粘贴。数组的大小是3。</p>
<h3>Source Engine SDK</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
intens.x=OrSIMD(AndSIMD(BackgroundColor.x,no_hit_mask),
                AndNotSIMD(no_hit_mask,intens.x));
intens.y=OrSIMD(AndSIMD(BackgroundColor.y,no_hit_mask),
                AndNotSIMD(no_hit_mask,intens.y));
intens.z=OrSIMD(AndSIMD(BackgroundColor.y,no_hit_mask),
                AndNotSIMD(no_hit_mask,intens.z));
</pre>
<p>程序员忘记把最后一行的中的"BackgroundColor.y"改成"BackgroundColor.z"。</p>
<h3>Trans-Proteomic Pipeline</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
void setPepMaxProb(....)
{  
  ....
  double max4 = 0.0;
  double max5 = 0.0;
  double max6 = 0.0;
  double max7 = 0.0;
  ....
  if ( pep3 ) { ... if ( use_joint_probs &amp;&amp; prob &gt; max3 ) ... }
  ....
  if ( pep4 ) { ... if ( use_joint_probs &amp;&amp; prob &gt; max4 ) ... }
  ....
  if ( pep5 ) { ... if ( use_joint_probs &amp;&amp; prob &gt; max5 ) ... }
  ....
  if ( pep6 ) { ... if ( use_joint_probs &amp;&amp; prob &gt; max6 ) ... }
  ....
  if ( pep7 ) { ... if ( use_joint_probs &amp;&amp; prob &gt; max6 ) ... }
  ....
}
</pre>
<p>程序员忘记把最后一个判断中的"prob &gt; max6"改为"prob &gt; max7"。</p>
<h3>SeqAn</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
inline typename Value&lt;Pipe&gt;::Type const &amp; operator*() {
  tmp.i1 = *in.in1;
  tmp.i2 = *in.in2;
  tmp.i3 = *in.in2;
  return tmp;
}
</pre>
<h3>SlimDX</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
for( int i = 0; i &lt; 2; i++ )
{
  sliders[i] = joystate.rglSlider[i];
  asliders[i] = joystate.rglASlider[i];
  vsliders[i] = joystate.rglVSlider[i];
  fsliders[i] = joystate.rglVSlider[i];
}
</pre>
<p>最后一行应该用rglFSlider。</p>
<h3>Qt</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (repetition == QStringLiteral("repeat") ||
    repetition.isEmpty()) {
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatX = true;
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatY = true;
} else if (repetition == QStringLiteral("repeat-x")) {
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatX = true;
} else if (repetition == QStringLiteral("repeat-y")) {
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatY = true;
} else if (repetition == QStringLiteral("no-repeat")) {
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatY = false;
  pattern-&gt;patternRepeatY = false;
} else {
  //TODO: exception: SYNTAX_ERR
}
</pre>
<p>最后一块少了'patternRepeatX'。正确的代码应该是：</p>
<pre class="language-js">
pattern-&gt;patternRepeatX = false;
pattern-&gt;patternRepeatY = false;
</pre>
<h3>ReactOS</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
const int istride = sizeof(tmp[0]) / sizeof(tmp[0][0][0]);
const int jstride = sizeof(tmp[0][0]) / sizeof(tmp[0][0][0]);
const int mistride = sizeof(mag[0]) / sizeof(mag[0][0]);
const int mjstride = sizeof(mag[0][0]) / sizeof(mag[0][0]);
</pre>
<p>'mjstride'永远等于1。最后一行应该是：</p>
<pre class="language-js">const int mjstride = sizeof(mag[0][0]) / sizeof(mag[0][0][0]);
</pre>
<h3>Mozilla Firefox</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("http") ||
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("https") ||
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("news") ||
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("ftp") ||          &lt;&lt;&lt;---
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("file") ||
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("javascript") ||
    protocol.EqualsIgnoreCase("ftp")) {          &lt;&lt;&lt;---
</pre>
<p>最后的"ftp"很可疑，它之前已经被比较过了。</p>
<h3>Quake-III-Arena</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (fabs(dir[0]) &gt; test-&gt;radius ||
    fabs(dir[1]) &gt; test-&gt;radius ||
    fabs(dir[1]) &gt; test-&gt;radius)
</pre>
<p>dir[2]的值忘记检查了。</p>
<h3>Clang</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
return (ContainerBegLine &lt;= ContaineeBegLine &amp;&amp;
        ContainerEndLine &lt;= ContaineeEndLine &amp;&amp;
        (ContainerBegLine != ContaineeBegLine ||
         SM.getExpansionColumnNumber(ContainerRBeg) &lt;=
         SM.getExpansionColumnNumber(ContaineeRBeg)) &amp;&amp;
        (ContainerEndLine != ContaineeEndLine ||
         SM.getExpansionColumnNumber(ContainerREnd) &gt;=
         SM.getExpansionColumnNumber(ContainerREnd)));
</pre>
<p>最后一块，"SM.getExpansionColumnNumber(ContainerREnd)"表达式在跟自己比较大小。</p>
<h3>MongoDB</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
bool operator==(const MemberCfg&amp; r) const {
  ....
  return _id==r._id &amp;&amp; votes == r.votes &amp;&amp;
         h == r.h &amp;&amp; priority == r.priority &amp;&amp;
         arbiterOnly == r.arbiterOnly &amp;&amp;
         slaveDelay == r.slaveDelay &amp;&amp;
         hidden == r.hidden &amp;&amp;
         buildIndexes == buildIndexes;
}
</pre>
<p>程序员把最后一行的"r"忘记了。</p>
<h3>Unreal Engine 4</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
static bool PositionIsInside(....)
{
  return
    Position.X &gt;= Control.Center.X - BoxSize.X * 0.5f &amp;&amp;
    Position.X &lt;= Control.Center.X + BoxSize.X * 0.5f &amp;&amp;
    Position.Y &gt;= Control.Center.Y - BoxSize.Y * 0.5f &amp;&amp;
    Position.Y &gt;= Control.Center.Y - BoxSize.Y * 0.5f;
}
</pre>
<p>最后一行中，程序员忘记了两个地方。首先，"&gt;="应改为"&lt;="，其次，减号应改为加号。</p>
<h3>Qt</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
qreal x = ctx-&gt;callData-&gt;args[0].toNumber();
qreal y = ctx-&gt;callData-&gt;args[1].toNumber();
qreal w = ctx-&gt;callData-&gt;args[2].toNumber();
qreal h = ctx-&gt;callData-&gt;args[3].toNumber();
if (!qIsFinite(x) || !qIsFinite(y) ||
    !qIsFinite(w) || !qIsFinite(w))
</pre>
<p>最后一个qlsFinite中，传入参数应该是'h'。</p>
<h3>OpenSSL</h3>
<pre class="language-js">
if (!strncmp(vstart, "ASCII", 5))
  arg-&gt;format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_ASCII;
else if (!strncmp(vstart, "UTF8", 4))
  arg-&gt;format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_UTF8;
else if (!strncmp(vstart, "HEX", 3))
  arg-&gt;format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_HEX;
else if (!strncmp(vstart, "BITLIST", 3))
  arg-&gt;format = ASN1_GEN_FORMAT_BITLIST;
</pre>
<p>字符串"BITLIST"长度为7，而非3。</p>
<p>就此打住吧。我举的例子已经够说明问题了吧？</p>
<h2>结论</h2>
<p>本文告诉你"拷贝-粘贴"大法在最后一个粘贴代码块中出错的概率很可能是其他块的4倍。</p>
<p>这跟人类的心理学有关，与技术水平无关。文中说明了即便是像Clang或者Qt项目中的编程高手也会犯这种错误。</p>
<p>我希望这个现象的发现对于程序员们有所帮助，也许可以促使他们去研究我们的bug数据库。相信如此有助于在这些错误中发现新的规律并总结出新的编程建议。</p>

<p>本文转载自：http://www.vaikan.com/the-last-line-effect/ </p>
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/* CSS Triangles - see Trevor's post */
.wrapper .tooltip:after {
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}
/*
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}
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.lte8 .wrapper .tooltip {
  display: none;
}

.lte8 .wrapper:hover .tooltip {
  display: block;
}

</style>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/upvotejs.css">
<script src=""></script>
<script src=""></script>
<div id="respond" class="no_webshot"> 
		<div class="comment-signarea" style=" padding: 20px 20px;"> 
	<h3 class="text-muted" id="share_code" style="color: #799961;"><i class="fa fa-pencil-square-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> 点我分享笔记</h3>
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$(function() {
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	  placeholder: '写笔记...',
	  upload:false,
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	  defaultImage: 'https://www.runoob.com/images/logo.png',
	  codeLanguages: '',
	  autosave: 'editor-content',
	  toolbar: [  'bold','code','ul','ol','image' ]
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	$("#share_code").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		
	});
	$("#user_add_note").click(function() {
		$(".comment-signarea").hide();
		$("#commentform").show();
		$('html, body').animate({
       	    scrollTop: $("#respond").offset().top
    	}, 200);
	});

	// 提交笔记
	var commentform=$('#commentform');
	commentform.prepend('<div id="comment-status" style="display:none;" ></div>');
	var statusdiv=$('#comment-status');
	
	commentform.submit(function(e){
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		var noteContent = editor.getValue();
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		noteContent = noteContent.replace(/<\/code><\/pre>/g,"</pre>");
		
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			statusdiv.html('<p  class="ajax-error">请输入邮箱！</p>').show();
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			// var formdata=commentform.serialize() + "&comment=" + noteContent ;
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			statusdiv.html('<p>Processing...</p>').show();
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						$("#submit").prop('disabled', true);
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						statusdiv.html('<p class="ajax-error" >'+data.msg+'</p>').show();
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					commentform.find('textarea[name=comment]').val('');
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	$(".comt-author").click(function() {
		href = $(this).children("a").attr("href");
		if(href.indexOf("/note/")!=-1) {
			var win = window.open(href, '_blank');
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	});
	$(".comt-meta span").hover(function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").css({ "opacity": 1, "pointer-events": "auto"});
	},function(){
		$(this).children(".tooltip").removeAttr("style");
	});
	/*
	$(".wrapper i").hover(function(){
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	},function(){
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	});
	*/
	//Upvote.create('runoobvote-id', {callback: vote_callback});
	var ajaxurl = 'https://www.runoob.com/wp-admin/admin-ajax.php';
	var callback = function(data) {
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('upvoted'));
		//console.log($('#runoobvote-id').upvote('downvoted'));
		//console.log(data);
		_vote_action = data.action;
		id_arr = data.id.split('-');
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				_vote_action: _vote_action,
				action: "pinglun_zan",
				um_id: um_id,
				um_action: "ding"
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			$.post(ajaxurl,ajax_data,function(status){
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		$('.upvotejs').upvote({id: 10321, callback: callback});
	
		$.post(ajaxurl,{"action":"pinglun_zan","postid":10321},function(data){  
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});
function isBlank(str) {
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}
function kFormatter(num) {
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}

</script>

<link rel="stylesheet" href="../0/qa.css?1.44">
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